Day 4 - Organic Chemistry - Stoichiometry, Moles, Molars and Carbon Skeletons in the Closet

Physics: the science of matter, its motion, plus space and time.

Chemistry: the composition, structure and properties of matter & the change it undergoes during chemical reactions.

Inorganic chemistry: inorganic matter

Organic chemistry: organic matter-any compound based on a carbon skeleton

Physical chemistry: energy related studies

Analytical chemistry: analysis of samples to get chemical composition & structure

Biochemistry: chemical processes in living organisms

Here is a great graphic on the overview of Chemistry.

And here is the article I used to describe the different classes and geometry of hydrocarbons.

Here is a link to Polymers. (You can also find organic polymers starting on page 135 of your reading packet)

What is a mole? A moldywarp! No, not that sort of animal! We're into Chemistry now and moles have a whole new description.

The mole (symbol: mol) is the base unit that measures an amount of substance. The mole is a counting unit. One mole contains Avogadro's number (approximately 6.02214 x 10²³) entities (atoms, molecules, elemental particles).

A mole is much like "a dozen " in that both are absolute numbers (having no units) and can describe any type of elementary object (object made up of atoms). The mole's use, however, is usually limited to measurement of subatomic, atomic and molecular structures. (see page 97 of your reading packet)

The Molar (symbol: M) In chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance. This can apply to any sort of chemical mixture, but most frequently the concept is limited to homogeneous solutions. Molarity is the moles of solute divided by liters of solution. (see page 103 of your reading packet for more clarity)

Chemical Reactions:
1.) Acids & Bases
2.) Precipitation Reactions (ppt rxns) This link is a GREAT introduction and you get to PLAY!
3.)Oxidation & Reduction (redox rxns) A graphic overview of the reaction systems.

Four major factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction:

1.) Concentration of reactant
2.) presence of a catalyst
3.) increased temperature
4.) larger surface area of a reactant (solids and liquids)

You are responsible for the structure of Families of Organic Compounds (Hydrocarbons):
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Aromatics

As well as the functional groups attached to them (hydrocarbons)
Alcohols
Ethers
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Amines
Amides

R, R' and R" represent hydrocarbon groups

Day 4 –Organic Chemistry – Homework

Stoichiometry, Moles, Molars and Carbon Skeletons in the Closet

1. Why is carbon such a special atom? List its many features.

2. Describe the differences between Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes. Are there similarities?

3. What is an isomer? List 3 examples with structures.

4. Draw a cyclic compound and a heterocyclic compound noting differences and similarities. Describe the physical manifestations of these differences.

5. What makes “Superglue” so effective?

6. Using atomic masses of 12.01 for Carbon, 1.01 for Hydrogen, 39.10 for Potassium and 16.00 for Oxygen; what is the formula mass of Potassium Acetate? (C₂H₃KO₂) Show all calculations.

7. Balance the following equation:

NaOH + H₃PO₄ à Na₃PO₄ + H₂O

8. How many grams of CaCl₂ are needed to prepare 250 mL of 0.125M CaCl₂ solution?